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Recommended space requirements for dogs kept in a pet retail environment
Background
In line with a decision made by PIJAC Canada’s National Board of Directors, the association was asked to prepare a set of recommend space requirements for pets kept in a pet retail environment, This document represents the first segment of the exercise and refers to dogs.
Direction in this area had become necessary in light of the increasing number of requests made to the association on this specific issue by municipal and provincial regulators, as well as numerous consumer and stakeholder groups. Lack of pet industry-accepted standards gave regulators no choice but to recognize other published space requirement standards, these standards not having been designed to address the needs of animals kept in a pet retail environment. As result of this, retailers have been harassed to meet standards originally designed for research establishments and breeding kennels, in the case of dogs for example.
The following document was achieved through extensive consultation. Expertise was taken from PIJAC Canada’s involvement with government regulators and Canadian animal care agencies. Through our involvement with the International Pet Advisory Council we were able to review pertinent documents from other pet industry associations around the world.
Among the references used to build this document we consulted; the Pet Care Manual from Pet Industry Federation UK, the National Code Practice from the Pet Industry Association of Australia, the Proposed Housing Standards for Cats and Dogs in Companion Animal Establishments from the Prince Edward Island Government, a referral to the State of Colorado’s published Animal Care Facilities guidelines and a document from the Ministry of Agriculture and Veterinary Authority of Singapore.
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken into account to come up with the recommendations appearing in this document:
- Definition of Pet retail environment. “Pet retail environment” means any place or premise used in whole or in part, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, for the purpose of retail sale, trading, , or otherwise transferring pet animals to the public. In addition to the traditional pet shop or wholesaler, pet retail environments shall include the keeping for transfer or the transfer of pet animals at temporary facilities such as flea markets, mobile facilities, department stores, merchandise outlets, discount outlets, pet animal shows conducting a sale, and other types of retail outlets
- The minimum needs for socialization and exercise are already being met;
- “Dog” means a male or female puppy, aged eight (8) weeks or more;
- “Housing unit” means any cage or other enclosure used to house a cat or a dog but does not include housing in a cage while transporting a dog or a cat outside the pet retail environment;
- “Shoulder height” means the height of a dog at the withers (measured from a flat surface on which the dog is standing to the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of the dog);
- Notwithstanding other assumptions, each dog should be kept in a housing unit with dimensions that will accommodate the height, weight and length of the dog comfortably, with enough room to stand, sit, lie down and turn around without restrictions or overcrowding;
- Notwithstanding the other assumptions, it is understood that while this document specifically refers to space requirements, it does assume that all other pertinent animal welfare considerations, as outlined in other PIJAC Canada publications, are being met.
- Other related activities (grooming, adoption, etc.) must also comply with the previous assumptions. However, housing dimensions will take into consideration the size of the animals concerned.
In light of the assumptions made, PIJAC Canada recommends the following as a suggested cage space requirements for dogs kept in a pet retail environment.
Recommended space requirements:
Dog
Minimum floor area*
Minimum height
Maximum number of of dogs per housing unit
< 3kg:
(< 6.6 lbs)– 5000 square cm
(775 square inches)50 cm
(20 inches)3
3kg < 10kg:
(> 6.6 < 22lbs.)– 5000 square cm
(775 square inches)60 cm
(24 inches)2
10kg:
(> 22 lbs)-6000 square cm
(930 square inches)60cm
(24 inches)1
* In accordance with hypothesis number 5.
June 2015
Background
In line with a decision made by PIJAC Canada’s National Board of Directors, the association was asked to prepare a set of recommended space requirements for pets kept in a pet retail environment. This document represents the fourth segment of the exercise and refers to cats.
The following is the result of some research done from a compilation of documents from around the world. At this particular point in its development, the document reflects the expertise identified and selected by the staff of PIJAC Canada.
Among the references used to build this document we consulted; the Pet Care Manual from Pet Industry Federation UK, the National Code Practice from the Pet Industry Association of Australia, the Proposed Housing Standards for Cats and Dogs in Companion Animal Establishments from the Prince Edward Island Government, a referral to the State of Colorado’s published Animal Care Facilities guidelines and a document from the Ministry of Agriculture and Veterinary Authority of Singapore.
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken into account to come up with the recommendations appearing in this document. The following are a compilation of assumptions based on information from the documents listed in the above background
- Definition of Pet retail environment. “Pet retail environment” means any place or premise used in whole or in part, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, for the purpose of retail sale, trading, , or otherwise transferring pet animals to the public. In addition to the traditional pet shop or wholesaler, pet retail environments shall include the keeping for transfer or the transfer of pet animals at temporary facilities such as flea markets, mobile facilities, department stores, merchandise outlets, discount outlets, pet animal shows conducting a sale, and other types of retail outlets.
- “Cat” means an adult or juvenile cat, and includes a kitten (male and female) 8 weeks or older;
- The minimum needs for socialization and exercise are already being met;
- “Housing unit” means any cage or other enclosure used to house a cat but does not include housing in a cage while transporting a cat outside a companion animal establishment;
- Notwithstanding the other assumptions, it is understood that while this document specifically refers to space requirements, it does assume that all other pertinent animal welfare considerations, as outlined in other PIJAC Canada publications, are being met.
- Other related activities (grooming, adoption, etc.) must also comply with the previous assumptions. However, housing dimensions will take into consideration the size of the animals concerned;
- The housing units shall comply with the following:
Height of housing unit must not be less than 20 centimeters from the top of the head of the tallest cat to the ceiling of the housing unit, as measured when the cat is standing and must allow the animal to stretch fully upright on its hind legs.
b. It is recommended that cats/kittens from different litters should be housed in separate enclosures to avoid any possible cross-contamination. - If a resting perch is used then the following criteria are assumed;
The resting perch surface area should be no less than 600 sq cm and no more than 25% of the base floor surface area;
b. The cat can rest comfortably upon it;
c. The height of the resting perch should be high enough that the cat can fit underneath it;
d. The top of a hooded litter box can be considered as a resting perch surface.
e. The resting perch surface area shall be in addition to the floor space prescribed for a housing unit in the following table - Notwithstanding other assumptions, each cat should be kept in a housing unit with dimensions that will accommodate the height, weight and length of the cat comfortably, with enough room to stand, sit, lie down and turn around without restriction or overcrowding;
In light of the assumptions made, here are tables of recommended space requirements for cats and kittens.
Recommended space requirements:
Cat | Minimum base floor area in square cm | Minimum width in cm | Minimum height in cm | Maximum # of animals | Increased floor area for each additional animal in square cm |
Kittens (8-16 weeks) | 5000 | 60 | 60 | 4 | 1500 |
Adults/kittens 16 weeks + | 5000 | 80 | 75 | 1 | 2000 |
June 2015
Background
In line with a decision made by PIJAC Canada’s National Board of Directors, the association was asked to prepare a set of recommended space requirements for pets kept in a pet retail environment. This document represents the second segment of the exercise and refers to birds.
The following document is the result of some extensive research.. The document reflects the expertise identified and selected by the staff of PIJAC Canada. Through our involvement with the International Pet Advisory Council we were able to review pertinent documents from other pet industry associations around the world. Further consultation with PIJAC USA resulted in, among other references, a referral to the State of Colorado’s published Animal Care Facilities guidelines.
The first version of the document created some concerns, i.e. some of the calculations and cubic densities were in question, and as a result of the feedback from our membership, we have reviewed the method of calculation used in the formula originally proposed. Another methodology that was examined uses area (sq. cm.) rather than cubic space. The theory is that most birds will gravitate to the top of the cage. Hence, the height of the cage (and subsequently cubic measurement) is irrelevant and possibly misleading in determining space requirements.
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken into account to come up with the recommendations appearing in this document:
Definition of Pet retail environment. “Pet retail environment” means any place or premise used in whole or in part, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, for the purpose of retail sale, trading or otherwise transferring pet animals to the public.In addition to the traditional pet shop or wholesaler, pet retail environments shall include the keeping for transfer or the transfer of pet animals at temporary facilities such as flea markets, mobile facilities, department stores, merchandise outlets, discount outlets, pet animal shows conducting a sale, and other types of retail outlets.
Notwithstanding the other assumptions, it is understood that while this document specifically refers to stocking densities, it is assumed that all other pertinent animal welfare considerations, as outlined in other PIJAC Canada publications, are being met. More specifically this means:
- Primary enclosures are those animal enclosures in which the animal normally rests or sleeps (also referred to as housing).
- Primary enclosures shall be structurally sound and maintained in good repair to protect the animals from injury, to contain them, and to keep predators out. Primary enclosures shall be constructed such that they can be routinely maintained to allow animals to stay dry and clean (as appropriate for the species) and to provide convenient access to clean food and water. The floor of the primary enclosure shall be constructed to prevent injury to the animals’ feet and legs. All the surfaces of the primary enclosure must be constructed of a material that is water resistant and can be cleaned and sanitized. All primary enclosures shall allow each pet animal to turn around, exercise normal postural movements, and to experience necessary socialization with cage mates.
- Display cases may be utilized as primary enclosures during the workday; however, animals should not be kept in display cases overnight unless the display case also meets the requirements of and functions as a primary enclosure.
- Display cases must be constructed of a material that is water resistant and can be cleaned and sanitized. Display cases must be well constructed and kept in good repair. The area around the display case must be well ventilated to prevent odor buildup. Display cases for birds shall be maintained in good repair and constructed of non-toxic metal or other water resistant material, which can be cleaned and sanitized
In light of these assumptions, PIJAC Canada recommends the following as suggested cage stocking densities for birds kept in a pet retail environment.
General considerations: Minimum Space Requirements:
(a) Other than for head, wing and tail clearance, the housing must be large enough to provide full body extension without contact with the confines and must be wide enough in at least one direction to accommodate completely stretched wings.
(b) Enough food should be available at all times and fresh water should be provided daily. Water and food containers need to be placed to avoid droppings contaminating them.
(c) Two perches of different dimensions and shape is required for all perching birds (ex: parrots, budgies and finches, etc). For species who prefer to fly and jump from one perch to another, instead of climb, like finches and canaries, perches should be placed at both ends of the cage. Perches should be placed to prevent droppings from contaminating food, water and other birds.
(c) Objects or setups should improve and encourage entertainment (environmental enrichment) and should be provided for psittacids and corvids.
(e) Minimum space requirements for multiple birds housed temporarily depend on the calculated Housing Density Factor and the overall length of the bird as measured from the tip of the tail to the top of the head. Additional birds are added as space allows based on the formula.
The following calculation is will now be used to determine the number of birds that could be housed in a given enclosure:
A + B = C
- Where A = 1, (represents the calculation of the first bird’s space requirements (see Density Factor Chart)).*
If this is less than one (1), this means this cage is not suitable for this type of bird. - where Bis the calculation of how many additional birds may be suitably added,
- where Cis equal to the total birds suggested for that particular space.
Calculation of A:
(cage size in sq. cm.) – (single bird need in sq. cm.)
where the answer is > 0*, then A = 1
Calculation of B:
(cage size in sq. cm.) – (single bird need in sq. cm.) = B (rounded down)
(additional birds needs in sq. cm.)
Calculation of C:
A +B =C
Example: What is the suggested maximum number of cockatiels in a 2400 sq. cm. cage?
A=
(2400 sq. cm.) – (1st Cockatiel @ 1000 sq. cm. )
where the answer is > 0*, then A = 1
B =
(2400-1000)
additional birds needs @ 250 sq. cm. B = 5.6, rounded down to 5
C =
6
Measurements are based on the actual living space and do not include T-stands or perches attached to the outside of the cage.
Outdoor Aviaries. The size, shape, and design of the cages shall be appropriate for the species being housed and shall allow space, without overcrowding, for the normal exercise requirements of each bird. Flight cages shall be constructed to prevent injury to birds. A covered portion of each cage shall be provided where birds can avoid direct sunlight or adverse weather conditions and commingling with non-captive animals.
Density Factor Chart
Bird Group | Length of bird | Single bird needs | Additional bird needs |
African Grey | 1500 | 750 | |
Amazon | under 40 40+ | 1500 2000 | 750 750 |
Budgie | 675 | 125 | |
Cockatiel | 1000 | 250 | |
Cockatoo | under 35 35-40 45+ | 1500 2000 2800 | 750 1000 1400 |
Lovebird | 750 | 150 | |
Macaw | under 35 350-50 50+ | 1250 2250 3750 | 625 1000 1400 |
Parakeet Long Tailed | under 25 | 1000 | 250 |
Conure or Rosella | 25-35 35+ | 1000 1400 | 250 450 |
Caique or Pionus or Senegal | to 30 30-35 35+ | 800 1250 1500 | 350 625 750 |
Parrotlet | 400 | 150 | |
Lories or Lorikeets | under 30 30+ | 1250 2000 | 375 500 |
Dove | To 22.5 22.5+ | 500 1250 | 400 625 |
Finches including Silverbills and Waxbills | 12.5 12.5-17.5 17.5+ | 650 | 100 |
Mynah | 1500 | 750 | |
Pekin Robin | 1000 | 200 |
October 2018
Background
In line with a decision made by PIJAC Canada’s National Board of Directors, the Association was asked to prepare a set of recommended stocking densities for pets kept in a pet retail environment. This document represents the fifth segment of the exercise and refers to fish. The following draft is the result of some research done from a compilation of documents from around the world. At this particular point in its development, the document reflects the expertise identified and selected by the staff of PIJAC Canada. Among the references used to build this document, we consulted; the Pet Care Manual from Pet Care Trust UK, the National Code of Practice from the Pet Industry Association of Australia and the OATA Water Quality Criteria.
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken into account to come up with the recommendations appearing in this document. The following are a compilation of assumptions based on information from the documents listed in the above background.
- Definition of “pet retail environment”. A pet retail environment means any place or premise used in whole or in part, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, for the purpose of retail sale, trading, bartering, or otherwise transferring pet animals to the public. In addition to the traditional pet shop or wholesaler, pet retail environments shall include the keeping for transfer or the transfer of pet animals at temporary facilities such as flea markets, mobile facilities, department stores, merchandise outlets, discount outlets, pet animal shows conducting a sale, and other types of retail outlets.
- “Fish” means any aquatic animal.
- The minimum needs for the aquarium will allow fish the ability to swim and turn.
- Fish are not subjected to rapid fluctuations or extremes of temperature or chemical composition of the water.
- Fish are not subjected to extremes of light.
- “Aquarium” means any glass, plastic, acrylic or other enclosure used to house a fish but does not include bagging/cupping while transporting a fish outside a companion animal establishment.
- Notwithstanding the other assumptions, it is understood that while this document specifically refers to stocking densities, it does assume that all other pertinent animal welfare considerations, as outlined in other PIJAC Canada publications, are being met.
With the previous assumptions in place the criteria for stocking density for fish is based on water quality is determined by testing (by test strip or chemical testing kit).
Water Quality Criteria
Ornamental Aquatic Trade Association (OATA) Ltd.
For more information, see also the OATA Water Quality Criteria handbook.
Stocking densities – Ornamental Aquatic Organisms
It is virtually impossible to determine the quantity of aquatic organisms to be kept in a system purely on a weight or number of aquatic organisms per unit, volume, or water surface area.
The variation in holding system used, the quality of husbandry and the types of aquatic organisms stocked vary so greatly that it would render any such system too complicated to be practical or too simple to be useful.
The maintenance of water quality standards can be used to determine working stocking densities.
Water Quality Criteria (1mg/l = 1ppm)
Cold water species
Free Ammonia
max 0.02mg/l
Nitrite
max 0.2mg/l
Dissolved Oxygen
min 6mg/l
Nitrate
max 50mg/l above ambient tap water
Tropical Freshwater Species
Free Ammonia
max 0.02mg/l
Nitrite
max 0.2mg/l
Dissolved Oxygen
min 6mg/l
Nitrate
max 50mg/l above ambient tap water
Tropical Marine Species
Free Ammonia
max 0.01mg/l
Nitrite
max 0.125mg/l
pH
min 8.1
Dissolved Oxygen
recommended 5.5mg/l (never lower than 4.0mg/l)
Nitrate
max 100mg/l
Background
In line with a decision made by PIJAC Canada’s National Board of Directors, the association was asked to prepare a set of recommended stocking densities for pets kept in a pet retail environment. This document represents the sixth segment of the exercise and refers to reptiles.
The following draft is the result of some extensive research. It is expected that this document will be subject to additional consultation. At this point in its development, the document reflects the expertise identified and selected by the staff of PIJAC Canada. Through our involvement with the International Pet Advisory Council we were able to review pertinent documents referred by other sources around the world, including the State of Colorado’s published Animal Care Facilities guidelines, the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals and the Pet Industry Association of Australia National Codes of Practice.
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken into account in establishing the recommendations appearing in this document:
- Definition of Pet retail environment. “Pet retail environment” means any place or premise used in whole or in part, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, for the purpose of retail sale, trading, bartering, or otherwise transferring pet animals to the public.In addition to the traditional pet shop or wholesaler, pet retail environments shall include the keeping for transfer or the transfer of pet animals at temporary facilities such as flea markets, mobile facilities, department stores, merchandise outlets, discount outlets, pet animal shows conducting a sale, and other types of retail outlets.
- “Reptile” means an aquatic or terrestrial reptile and amphibians.
- The minimum needs for socialization and exercise (when applicable) are met.
- “Housing unit” means any aquarium or other enclosure used to house a reptile but does not include housing in a container while transporting a reptile outside a companion animal establishment.
- Notwithstanding the other assumptions, it is understood that while this document specifically refers to stocking densities, it is assumed that all other pertinent animal welfare considerations, as outlined in other PIJAC Canada publications, are being met.
- The housing units shall comply with the following:
Height of housing unit must not be less than 10 cm from the top of the head of the tallest reptile to the ceiling of the housing unit, as measured when the reptile is standing and must allow the animal to stretch fully upright.
b. It is recommended that reptiles from different clutches should be housed in separate enclosures to avoid any possible cross-contamination.
In light of these assumptions, PIJAC Canada recommends the following as suggested cage stocking densities for reptiles kept in a pet retail environment.
Recommended stocking density for reptiles in a pet store environment (revised October 2018):
Species Type | Size of animal without the tail (cm) | Area for one animal (cm2) | For an additional animal (cm2) | Other specifications |
| |||
Terrestrial and semi-aquatic frogs | Less than 4 4 to 8 8 to 12 12 to 16 16 to 20 | 200 400 800 1600 2500 | 100 200 400 800 1250 | A basin should occupy at least 50% of the area for semi-aquatic species. |
| |||
Terrestrial and semi-aquatic salamanders | Less than 4 4 to 8 8 to 12 12 to 16 | 150 200 400 800 | 75 100 200 400 | A basin should occupy at least 50% of the area for semi-aquatic species. |
| |||
Fully aquatic frogs and salamanders | Less than 4 4 to 8 8 to 12 | 150 200 400 | 75 100 200 | Water depth should be more than the length of the animal. |
| |||
Arboreal frogs | Less than 4 4 to 8 More than 8 | 150 300 600 | 75 150 300 | Height should be at least 30 cm. |
| |||
Species Type | Size of animal without the tail (cm) | Area for one animal (cm2) | For an additional animal (cm2) | Other specifications | ||||
Terrestrial lizards | Less than 4 4 to 7 7 to 13 13 to 20 20 to 25 | 300 500 800 1900 3300 | 150 250 400 950 1650 | A basin should occupy at least 30% of the area for semi-aquatic species. | ||||
Arboreal lizards | Less than 4 4 to 7 7 to 13 13 to 20 20 to 25 | 220 380 650 1700 2200 | 110 190 325 850 1100 | Height should correspond to at least 3 times the length of the animal. | ||||
Species Type | Size of animal without the tail (cm) | Area for one animal (cm2) | For an additional animal (cm2) | Other specifications |
Snakes (total length) | Less than 30 30 to 60 60 to 90 90 to 120 120 to 150 150 to 180 180 to 210 210 to 240 | 200 400 700 1600 2600 3900 5400 7000 | 100 200 350 800 1300 1950 2700 3500 | Height for arboreal species should correspond to at least 40% of the animal’s length. A basin should occupy at least 50% for the area for semi-aquatic species. |
Species Type | Size of animal without the tail (cm) | Area for one animal (cm2) | For an additional animal (cm2) | Other specifications |
Tortoises (terrestrial) (shell length) | Less than 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 | 700 1700 2800 4700 | 350 850 1400 2350 | |
Turtles (aquatic) (shell length) | Less than 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 | 500 1400 2300 3800 | 250 700 1150 1900 | Depth in the middle of the swimming basin should be more than the length of the shell. An area completely above water must be accessible. |
Revised October 2018
Background
In line with a decision made by PIJAC Canada’s National Board of Directors, the association was asked to prepare a set of recommended space requirements for pets kept in a pet retail environment. This document represents the third segment of the exercise and refers to small animals.
The following document is the result of some extensive research. Before its completion, it is expected that this document will be subject to additional consultation. At this point in its development, the document reflects the expertise identified and selected by the staff of PIJAC Canada. Through our involvement with the International Pet Advisory Council we were able to review pertinent documents referred by other pet industry associations around the world, including the State of Colorado’s published Animal Care Facilities guidelines, the Pet Care Trust and Guidelines from Waverly, Great Britain.
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken into account in establishing the recommendations appearing in this document:
- Definition of Pet retail environment. “Pet retail environment” means any place or premise used in whole or in part, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, for the purpose of retail sale, trading or otherwise transferring pet animals to the public.In addition to the traditional pet shop or wholesaler, pet retail environments shall include the keeping for transfer or the transfer of pet animals at temporary facilities such as flea markets, mobile facilities, department stores, merchandise outlets, discount outlets, pet animal shows conducting a sale, and other types of retail outlets.
- Notwithstanding the other assumptions, it is understood that while this document specifically refers to space requirements, it is assumed that all other pertinent animal welfare considerations, as outlined in other PIJAC Canada publications, are being met. More specifically this means:
- Primary enclosures are those animal enclosures in which the animal normally rests or sleeps (also referred to as housing).
- Primary enclosures shall be structurally sound and maintained in good repair to protect the animals from injury and to contain them. Primary enclosures shall be constructed such that they can be routinely maintained to allow animals to stay dry and clean (as appropriate for the species) and to provide convenient access to clean food and water. The floor of the primary enclosure shall be constructed to prevent injury to the animals’ feet and legs. All the surfaces of the primary enclosure must be constructed of a material that is water resistant and can be cleaned and sanitized. All primary enclosures shall allow each pet animal to turn around, exercise normal postural movements, and to experience necessary socialization with cage mates.
- Display cases may be utilized as primary enclosures during the workday; however, animals should not be kept in display cases overnight unless the display case also meets the requirements of and functions as a primary enclosure.
- Display cases must be constructed of a material that is water resistant and can be cleaned and sanitized. Display cases must be well constructed and kept in good repair. The area around the display case must be well ventilated to prevent odor buildup. Display cases for small animals shall be maintained in good repair and constructed of non-toxic metal or other water resistant material, which can be cleaned and sanitized
In light of these assumptions, PIJAC Canada recommends the following as suggested cage space requirements for small animals kept in a pet retail environment.
General considerations: Minimum Space Requirements:
(a) The housing must be large enough to provide full body extension without contact with the confines and must be wide enough in at least one direction to accommodate the animal to turn around freely.
(b) Sufficient food should be available at all times and water should be fresh daily. Food and water containers should be placed to avoid fecal contamination.
(c) Minimum space requirements for multiple small animals housed temporarily depend on the calculated Housing Density Factor and the overall length of the small animal. Additional small animals are added as space allows based on the formula.
(d) The housing units must include a sufficient amount of hiding places for all animals to hide.
The following calculation will be used to determine the number of small animals that could be housed in a given enclosure :
A + B = C
- Where A = 1, (represents the calculation of the first bird’s space requirements (see Density Factor Chart)).
*If this is less than one (1), this means this cage is not suitable for this type of small animal . - where Bis the calculation of how many additional small animals may be suitably added,
- where Cis equal to the total small animals suggested for that particular space.
Calculation of A:
(cage base size in sq. cm.) – (single small animal need)
where the answer is > 0*, then A = 1
Calculation of B:
(cage base size in sq. cm. ) – (single small animal need) = B (rounded down)
(additional small animal needs)
Calculation of C:
A +B =C
Example: What is the suggested maximum number of cockatiels in a 2400 sq. cm. cage?
A=
(1710 sq. cm.) – (1st hamster @ 400 sq.cm.)
where the answer is > 0*, then A = 1
B =
(1710 – 400)
Additional hamsters needs @ 75 sq. cm. B = 17.4, rounded down to 17
C =
18
Space requirements are calculated on the actual base floor space and represent the maximum number of small animals recommended per cage, regardless of multi-levels or attachments to the outside of the cage.
Outdoor Pens. The size, shape, and design of the cages shall be appropriate for the species being housed and shall allow space, without overcrowding, for the normal exercise requirements of each small animal. Cages shall be constructed to prevent injury to small animals. A covered portion of each cage shall be provided where small animals can avoid direct sunlight or adverse weather conditions and commingling with non-captive animals.
Density Factor Chart
Small animal species | Single small animal needs | Additional small Animal needs | Height |
mice & dwarf hamsters | 400 | 75 | 20 |
hamsters & gerbils | 400 | 155 | 20 |
rats & degus hedgehogs | 600 840 | 300 420 | 20 25 |
ferrets & chinchillas | 1500 | 500 | 35 |
1-3 small animal needs | Additional small Animal needs | Height | |
guinea pigs < 750g | 1500 | 450 | 25 |
750g | 2400 | 800* *Note – animals that size may need to be separated because of aggression or mating. | 25 |
1-2 small animal needs | Additional small Animal needs | Height | |
rabbits <1.5 kg | 2400 | 900 | 35 |
1.5 to 2.5 kg | 3000 | 2000 | 35 |
>2.5 kg | 5000 | *Note – animals that size may need to be separated because of aggression or mating. | 40 |
* note- small animals at this size may have to be separated due to aggression and/or mating issues.
October 2018
The Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council of Canada recognizes the important role pets play in our lives. Acquiring a pet must be done responsibly. The decision to acquire a pet should be an informed one.
The sale of pets must also be done responsibly. PIJAC Canada views the following elements as essential to contributing to and ensuring the responsible sale of a pet:
- Seller ensures, to the best of their knowledge, that the pet he offered for sale is healthy;
- Seller provides prospective pet owners with the information pertinent to the pet’s proper care and husbandry;
- Seller makes all reasonable efforts to ensure the right pet is matched to the right owner;
- Seller provides appropriate pre and post sale support to the new pet owner;
- Seller is able to supply the proper food and advise the purchaser on the products and accessories essential to the pet’s welfare.
- Seller maintains proper records as required by law
Pet Legislation
Part 1: National Pet Coalition.
Example of a municipal by-law regulating the keeping and control of pets
Municipalities should refer to their provincial legislation governing municipalities to determine their specific authority for animal care and control. municipalities to determine their specific authority for animal care and control, in addition to consulting their municipal legal department. municipalities to determine their specific authority for animal care and control, in addition to consulting with their municipal legal department.
1. Interpretation
(a) "Animal" means all species of wildlife, but does not include humans, fish or aquatic invertebrates.
aquatic.
(b) "cat" means a male or female domestic cat.
(c) "Cattery" means a breeding and/or boarding facility for cats.
(d) "dangerous dog" means any individual dog
(i) who has killed a domestic animal without provocation while off the property of its
owner;
(ii) that has bitten or injured a human being or domestic animal without provocation
on public or private property
(iii) that is trained to attack
(iv) that is held for the purpose of security or protection, whether residential, commercial or industrial, of persons or property
residential, commercial or industrial, of persons or property
(v) that has shown a disposition or tendency to be threatening or aggressive
(e) "dog" means a male or female domestic dog.
(f) "Inspector" means a person designated by the Municipality to be responsible for the enforcement of this by-law.
(f) "Inspector" means a person designated by the municipality to be responsible for the enforcement of this by-law.
(g) "Kennel" means a dog breeding and/or boarding establishment.
(h) "Microchip" means a coded electronic device implanted in an animal by or under the supervision of a veterinarian.
or under the supervision of a veterinarian, which contains a unique code number providing information about the owner that is stored in a central database.
(i) "Muzzle" means a humane fastening or covering device of sufficient strength over the mouth of an animal to prevent it from eating.
(j) "Muzzle" means a human fastening or covering over the mouth of an animal to prevent it from biting.
(j) "Owner" means any person, partnership, association or corporation that owns,
owns or has control, care or custody of an animal.
(k) "Animal at large" means an animal not on the property of its owner and not on a leash and/or in the custody of its owner.
(k) "Animal at large" means an animal that is not on a leash and/or under the control of a responsible person.
Supply of requirements
(1) Every person keeping an animal in the municipality shall provide or cause to be provided:
(a) clean, fresh drinking water at all times and suitable food in sufficient quantity and quality to permit normal and healthy growth and maintenance of a normal and healthy body weight;
(b) food and water containers that are kept clean and disinfected and placed in such a manner as to prevent contamination by feces
(c) the opportunity for periodic exercise sufficient to maintain good health, including the opportunity not to be confined in a fixed area and to exercise regularly under appropriate supervision; and
(d) necessary veterinary care when the animal shows signs of pain, illness, or suffering ;
(2) Any person who keeps an animal that normally resides outdoors or is kept outdoors unattended for extended periods of time shall ensure that the animal has an enclosure that meets the following criteria:
(a) a total area at least twice the length of the animal in all directions ;
(b) a house or shelter that provides protection from heat, cold and moisture, appropriate to the animal's weight and coat type. Such shelter shall be large enough to allow the animal to turn around freely and lie down in a normal position;
(c) in an area with sufficient shade to protect the animal at all times from direct sunlight; and
(d) enclosures and running areas shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected, and excrement shall be removed and disposed of properly on a daily basis.
(3) No person shall cause an animal to be harnessed, tethered or attached to a fixed object where a choke collar or chain is part of the tethering device, or where a rope or cord is tied directly around the neck of the animal.
(4) No person shall cause an animal to be tethered to a fixed object as the primary means of confinement for an extended period of time.
(5) No person shall confine an animal in an enclosed space, including a car, without adequate ventilation.
(6) No person shall transport an animal in a vehicle outside the passenger compartment unless the animal is properly enclosed or secured by a harness or other adequate means of attachment to prevent the animal from falling out of the vehicle or otherwise injuring itself.
Unsanitary conditions prohibited
No person shall keep an animal in unsanitary conditions within the municipality. Conditions are considered unsanitary where the keeping of the animal results in an accumulation of fecal matter, odour, insect infestation or rodent attraction that endangers the health of the animal or any person, or that disturbs or is likely to disturb the enjoyment, comfort or convenience of any person in or about a dwelling, office, hospital or commercial establishment.
Dogs and cats
- Owner's responsibilities
(1) If a dog or cat defecates on public or private property other than that of its owner, the latter must have the excrement removed immediately.
(2) No owner shall suffer, permit, allow or for any reason cause his animal to bark, howl or meow excessively or in any other way to disturb the tranquility of any person.
(3) No owner of a dog shall allow his animal, without provocation:
(a) pursue, bite or attack a person
(b) chase, bite or attack a domestic animal
(c) damage public or private property
(4) The straying of dogs or cats is prohibited on the territory of the municipality, with the exception of dogs in areas designated as off-leash.
- Licence
(1) The owner of a dog or cat four months of age or older shall obtain a licence for the animal by registering the dog or cat with the municipality and paying a fee determined by the municipality. (See Schedule "A" for the 1998 proposed fees)
(2) The owner shall renew the licence annually with the Municipality.
(3) Where the dog or cat is not on the owner's property, the owner shall cause the animal to wear a collar around its neck to which the current licence plate issued by the municipality for that dog or cat is attached.
(4) The licence fee for a dog or cat owned by a citizen over the age of 65 years shall be reduced by 50%.
(5) The licence fee for any dog or cat registered with the Municipality between July 1 and December 31 of any year shall be 50% of the fee set out in Schedule "A".
(6) A dog used as a guide or to assist a person with a disability shall be licensed and shall bear the applicable license plate. Toute personne qui produit une preuve satisfaisante pour la municipalité montrant que le chien est nécessaire pour guider ou aider une personne handicapée est exemptée du paiement de la redevance.
(7) The municipality shall keep a record of all registered and licensed dogs and cats, showing the date and number of the registration and licence, and the name and description of the dog or cat, with the name and address of the owner.
- Water retention
(1) An inspector may seize and impound
(a) any dog or cat found at large
(b) any dog or cat not wearing a collar and tag while off the premises of its owner and not accompanied by a responsible person.
(2) The inspector, pound keeper or police officer shall make every reasonable effort to identify and contact the owner of any stray animal received, whether alive or dead.
(3) Every impounded dog or cat shall be provided with clean food and water and be housed in sanitary conditions. The animal shall remain in the pound for five days or for such period as may be prescribed by the provincial pound legislation, unless it is claimed by its rightful owners. If not claimed within that time, the animal shall become the property of the City.
(4) Where, in the opinion of the Poundkeeper, after consultation with a veterinarian, a seized and impounded dog or cat is injured or diseased and must be destroyed without delay for humane or life safety reasons, the dog or cat may be humanely euthanized if reasonable efforts to locate the owner of the animal have not been successful.
(5) Where a seized and impounded dog or cat is injured or diseased and is treated by a veterinarian, the municipality is entitled, in addition to the impoundment fee, to charge the cost of treatment to the person claiming the animal.
(6) During the impoundment period, the owner may claim the dog or cat upon presentation of proof of ownership of the animal and payment to the municipality of:
(a) the appropriate fine, if any, as set out in Schedule "A
(b) the appropriate licence fee if the dog is not licensed
(c) the maintenance fee as set out in Schedule "A", and
(d) veterinary fees, if any.
(7) Where the owner of a dog or cat does not claim the animal, the owner shall, where known to the operator of the pound, pay the impoundment fee set out in Schedule "A" and the maintenance fee for each day the animal is in the pound.
(8) A dog or cat impounded and not claimed by its owner within the time period provided in subsection (3) may,
(a) be adopted for the price fixed; or
(b) be euthanized by lethal injection of a barbiturate in accordance with the Food and Drugs Act.
Dangerous dogs
(1) The owner of a dangerous dog shall ensure that:
(a) the dog is registered with the municipality as a dangerous dog in accordance with the fees set out in Schedule "A"; and
(b) the dog is sterilized
(c) the dog complies with the responsibilities of the owner as set out in Section 4Ad) the dog is muzzled at all times while off the property of the owner
(e) when off the property of the owner, the dog is kept on a leash not exceeding one metre in length and under the control of a responsible person over the age of eighteen years
(f) while the dog is on the property of the owner, the dog shall be securely confined within or in an enclosed and locked pen or structure so as to prevent the escape of the dangerous dog and to prevent the entry of any person not in control of the dog. Such enclosure or structure shall be a minimum of two metres by four metres and shall have secure sides and top. If there is no bottom attached to the sides, the sides must be sunk into the ground to a depth of at least thirty centimetres. The enclosure must also protect the dog from the elements. The pen or structure shall not be located within one metre of the property line or within three metres of a neighbouring dwelling unit. No dog shall be chained for the purpose of confinement
(g) a sign shall be placed at each entrance to the property and building in which the dog is kept, warning in writing, and by a symbol, of the presence of a dangerous dog on the property. Such sign shall be visible and legible from the nearest road or thoroughfare
(h) a liability insurance policy, satisfactory to the municipality, is in force in an amount not less than five hundred thousand dollars, covering the twelve month period during which the licence is applied for, for injuries caused by the owner's dangerous dog. Such policy shall contain a provision requiring the community to be named as an additional insured for the sole purpose of being notified by the insurance company of any cancellation, termination or expiration of the policy.
(2) The municipality shall have the authority to conduct any investigation deemed necessary to ensure compliance with the provisions set forth in this section.
(3) If the owner of a dog designated as dangerous is unwilling or unable to comply with the requirements of this section, said dog shall be euthanized by an animal shelter, animal control agency or licensed veterinarian after a fourteen day waiting period. Any dog designated as dangerous under this by-law may not be offered for adoption.
Kennels or catteries
(1) Every person who owns or operates a kennel or cattery shall, upon application and payment of the fee set out in Schedule "A" and with the approval of the Municipality, obtain a licence to operate such kennel or cattery on or before a date to be fixed by the Municipality each year.
(2) A licence to operate a kennel or cattery shall be valid for one year.
(3) Every person who owns or operates a kennel shall comply with the requirements set out in the Code of Practice for Kennel Operations in Canada (Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, September 1994).
(4) Every person who owns or operates a kennel or cattery shall comply with the by-laws of the municipality.
(5) If the owner or operator of a kennel or cattery fails to comply with a by-law of the municipality, the licence may be suspended or revoked.
(6) Every person who owns or operates a kennel or cattery shall permit an inspector to enter and inspect the kennel or cattery at any reasonable time, upon presentation of proper identification, for the purpose of determining compliance with this by-law.
(7) An inspector may enter and inspect the kennel or cattery under a search warrant.
(8) Where an inspector finds that the owner or operator of a kennel or cattery is not in compliance with any of the provisions of this section, the inspector may order the animals to be seized and impounded by the operator of the pound.
Traps
No person shall use, set or maintain a leghold trap, lethal trap or snare in a suburban area.
Other pets
[For a discussion of the ownership of animals other than cats and dogs as pets, please refer to Appendix B].
Sanctions
(1) Every person who violates any provision of this by-law is guilty of an offence and is liable to the penalties set out in this section.
(2) Each day that a provision of this by-law is violated constitutes a separate offence.
(3) The collection and payment of fines does not relieve a person of the obligation to pay any fees, charges or costs for which the person is liable under the provisions of this by-law.
(4) A Provincial Court Judge, in addition to the penalties provided for in this by-law, may, if he or she considers the offence to be sufficiently serious, order the owner of a dog or cat to restrain the dog or cat from committing the mischief or causing the disturbance or nuisance complained of, or cause the animal to be removed from the City, or order the destruction of the animal.
(5) Where a person contravenes the same provision of this by-law twice in any twelve month period, the specified fine payable for the second contravention is double the amount specified in Section 9(7) of this by-law for that provision.
(6) Where a person violates the same provision of this by-law three or more times in a twelve month period, the specified penalty payable for the third or subsequent violation is three times the amount specified in section 9(7) of this by-law for that provision.
(7) The proposed minimum penalties for violations of sections of this by-law are as follows:
Article
2, 3
4 A (1), (2), (4)
4 A (3)
4 B
5
7
Penalty Section
$50
$25
$50
$50
$250
$75
Appendix A
Licences
Dog or cat license (male or female) 50
Spayed or neutered male dog or cat license 15
Spayed or neutered male dog or cat license, microchipped or tattooed 5
License for dangerous dog 250
Kennel or cattery license 100
Impoundment Fee
First impoundment in a calendar year:
Neutered male dog or cat or spayed female cat 25
Unneutered or unspayed dog or cat $50
Dangerous dog $250
Second impoundment in a calendar year:
Spayed or neutered male dog or cat $50
Unneutered or unspayed dog or cat 100
500 Dangerous dog
Third and subsequent impoundments in a calendar year:
Spayed or neutered male dog or cat 75
Dog or cat not neutered or spayed 150
Dangerous dog or euthanasia $1,000
(1998 suggested rates)
Nothing on the current website.
National Companion Animal Coalition
An enlightened approach to companion animal control for Canadian municipalities
A position paper defining effective and efficient bylaws
Part 1: Introduction
This package on municipal bylaws is intended to help Canadian municipalities implement effective bylaws regulating companion animals in their jurisdictions. It is also hoped that this project will bring some uniformity to bylaws across the country.
We have domesticated and kept animals as companions for hundreds of years. Pets have become part of many families. These animals not only provide companionship but may also provide significant health benefits to their owners. Unfortunately, not all these pet owners understand or accept the lifetime responsibilities that a pet requires. All pet owners should have their animals permanently identified, spayed or neutered, kept under control, properly trained, socialized and cared for.
Some pet owners are unaware or neglectful of their responsibilities to their pets or allow their pets to annoy their neighbours or harass wild animals that share the environment. This can result in dog bites, threats to people or animals, damage or contamination of property, pet overpopulation, abuse or neglect of animals and other consequences.
The solution involves effective legislation and education that encourages responsible pet ownership.
Municipalities need to enact bylaws that stipulate the types of animals allowed as pets, that require humane and responsible treatment of animals to prevent them from disturbing or harming people, animals or property, and other provisions as determined by each council.
In addition to the benefits of public safety and satisfaction, practical and progressive animal control bylaws should be cost effective for the municipality. Irresponsible pet owners cost taxpayers money through pound costs, investigation of complaints, and pet overpopulation. These costs can be offset by significantly higher licence fees for pets that are not spayed or neutered, increased fines for repeat offenders and other regulations that encourage responsible pet ownership.
This package brings together expertise from the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, and Pets Canada. These groups make up the National Companion Animal Coalition, which was formed in 1996 to promote socially responsible pet ownership and enhance the health and well-being of companion animals. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is an observer member of the group. Additional input has also been obtained from key individuals involved in animal welfare and municipal animal control.
Part 2: Dog and cat control
Most municipalities in Canada have had dog control bylaws for many years, requiring owners to take responsibility for their dogs. However, very few municipalities require cat owners to do the same. Historically, it has been widely accepted that cats are allowed to roam free. In recent years, however, with a significant increase in the number of cats, this policy is being questioned by more and more urban municipalities as well as by residents tired of neighbours’ cats digging and eliminating in their gardens and howling during the night.
Some people believe that cats should not be kept indoors and need to roam outside satisfying their hunting instincts. Others recognize that with adequate attention, companionship and the opportunity to play, cats can have a fulfilling life indoors. Indoor cats are generally healthier, don’t get lost, disturb neighbours, kill wildlife or spread disease, and generally don’t contribute to the growing problem of cat overpopulation that forces animal shelters to euthanize many thousands of cats every year.
Municipalities can address these problems by introducing bylaws that discourage breeding and that require cats to be licenced, permanently identified, and kept indoors unless in an enclosed area or supervised on a harness and leash. The implementation of effective municipal cat bylaws will result in reduced pound costs due to fewer cats roaming loose, increased revenue from licence fees and fines, a reduction in the cat population due to incentives to spay and neuter, and a reduction in conflicts between cats and the public. These issues have a greater significance in urban areas than in rural and farm areas where cats are often used to help control rodents.
When a cat licencing bylaw is introduced, the municipality will need to conduct a public awareness program to help cat owners understand the issues and what their responsibilities are. It is important that this be done in a positive way to encourage compliance. This can be done by highlighting the benefits to the animals themselves as well as the public at large. There are significant health and behavioural benefits to spaying or neutering cats and dogs.
A. Licensing / Identification
One of the roles of municipal animal control bylaws is to encourage responsible pet ownership through licencing, permanent identification and spay/neuter requirements. The preferred methods of permanent identification are microchipping and tatooing.
Tags should also be worn (on break-away collars for cats) as proof of ownership so that animals may be returned to their owners sooner, often by neighbours, without incurring pound costs. Municipalities should offer incentives for pet owners to comply with the bylaw by reducing licence fees and fines for cats and dogs that are spayed or neutered and permanently identified. Compliance can be encouraged by implementing stiff fines for failing to obtain and wear a licence.
Responsible pet owners save municipalities money by reducing the number of dogs and cats running loose, by preventing indiscriminate breeding and by keeping their pets under control. Revenue from licencing and fines can be allocated to offset pound costs and for education programs in the municipality.
Cat licencing requirements enable cat owners to contribute to the cost of animal control in the municipality, a cost that has traditionally been borne by dog owners. Most municipal pounds and humane societies take in many more cats than dogs, resulting in higher budget allocations for cats in their care. In addition, less than 5% of cats are claimed by their owners, compared to over 30% for dogs (CFHS 1997 statistics from Canadian shelters).
B. Neutering (Spay or Castration)
Pet overpopulation is a major problem. It is currently a significant factor in the euthanasia of almost 60% of cats and more than 30% of dogs in animal shelters across Canada every year (CFHS 1997 statistics from Canadian shelters). Municipalities can be part of the solution to this problem by implementing and enforcing bylaws that encourage and reward responsible pet owners who licence, permanently identify and neuter their pets.
An important aspect of responsible pet ownership is neutering of companion animals to prevent the birth of more puppies and kittens needing homes. Municipalities can encourage pet owners to have their pets neutered by implementing preferential licence fees for altered dogs and cats. The differential should be high enough to act as an incentive for pet owners to have their pets neutered. Municipalities can also help by educating pet owners about the health and behavioural benefits of neutering their pets, as well as their social responsibility to do so.
C. Number of dogs and cats permitted
Establishing an arbitrary limit on the number of dogs and cats permitted in a dwelling does not address concerns about irresponsible pet ownership, but rather, may punish responsible pet owners who are providing proper care to their companion animals.
Concerns about inhumane treatment of the animals or disturbance in the neighbourhood are addressed in Section D.
However, some urban municipalities may wish to establish a limit on the number of dogs and cats permitted in one dwelling. A dwelling housing more than the maximum number would be considered a kennel or cattery and would be subject to municipal bylaws applying to such establishments (See Section VI).
Responsibilities of owner
There are many responsibilities that come with pet ownership. Some of these responsibilities are for the benefit of the animal, and some are for the benefit of society. It is important that municipalities enact bylaws that both require and encourage responsible pet ownership. In a fast-paced society where decisions are made quickly and things are easily disposed of, pets often become victims of neglect. As well as costing the animals their quality of life, such neglect also costs taxpayers money in enforcement, pound costs, euthanasia, etc.
(i) Being At Large
Dogs and cats should not be permitted to be at large except in designated areas, to ensure the safety of the public, the animal itself, and other animals. A dog or cat being at large is one that is on property other than the property of the owner and is not on a leash and/or under the control of a person responsible.
Many dog owners seek open areas to let their pets run off leash for exercise and social stimulation with other dogs, both important aspects of responsible dog ownership. Municipalities may consider establishing a neighbourhood committee of pet owners and non-pet owners to address the issue of off-leash areas for dogs. The group, operating by consensus, should work to find the most effective solution for their neighbourhood. One possibility would be to establish areas and times of day where dogs are permitted to be off leash. All other municipal bylaws such as stoop and scoop, licencing and dangerous dogs would apply. These areas should be well sign posted so that non-dog owners are aware that dogs will be running loose. Garbage receptacles should be provided and maintained.
A growing number of urban municipalities are realizing that permitting cats to roam free inevitably results in trespassing and damage to private property. Concerns are increasing about the overpopulation of cats, predation on birds or other wildlife, contamination of property and the spread of disease. All these concerns are eliminated when cats are kept indoors or under control by a leash or enclosure.
(ii) Providing Care
It is recommended that municipalities make every effort to ensure that pet owners provide their animals with care to meet their species-specific health, physical, social, and behavioural needs. This should include clean water and food, proper housing, appropriate companionship, health care and exercise.
Generally the appropriate humane society or SPCA will have authority over cases of abuse or neglect of animals. Municipalities should liaise closely with their local or provincial society in this regard.
(iii) Stoop and Scoop
Dog and cat owners should be required to clean up their pets’ faeces from any public or private property.
(iv) Nuisance
Dog and cat owners must prevent their pets from chasing, biting, harassing or attacking a person or other animal and from damaging public or private property.
(v) Transportation
Municipalities may include a requirement that animals be transported humanely and safely. Companion animals should be transported in the passenger compartment of vehicles unless they are securely confined and adequately sheltered. Animals transported loose in the back of pick-up trucks pose a risk to public safety if they fall out, as well as severe risk of injury to the animals themselves. This practice should not be permitted.
E. Dangerous dogs
Addressing dangerous and potentially dangerous dogs is a challenge for municipalities. It is often difficult to determine whether a dog may be dangerous until it has bitten or attacked a person or animal. Municipalities should consider adopting legislation aimed at reducing the likelihood of harmful situations occurring.
It is important for municipalities to keep in mind that dangerous dogs are generally the result of irresponsible ownership. Dogs can become a threat if they are not properly socialized and trained, if they are mistreated or if they are deliberately bred or encouraged to attack people or animals.
First, it must be established exactly what constitutes a dangerous dog. The criteria should not be breed specific as this only discriminates against certain breeds, instead of evaluating individual dogs by their behaviour. Suggested criteria for identifying dangerous dogs include:
- a dog that has killed a person or domestic animal, regardless of the circumstances
- a dog that has bitten or injured a person or domestic animal. Exceptions may be made if the dog was teased, abused, assaulted or if the dog was reacting to a person trespassing on the property owned by the dog’s owner.
- a dog that has shown the disposition or tendency to be threatening or aggressive
- an attack trained dog
Municipalities should require that dangerous dogs either be euthanised in the interests of public safety, or that their owners meet specific requirements for the humane care of such dogs, that will ensure public safety. Penalties should be established for owners who do not comply with the requirements.
Dangerous dogs should be licenced and spayed or neutered as this may reduce aggressive tendencies and will prevent the owners from profiting from the sale of offspring that are also likely to be dangerous. These dogs should be muzzled and leashed when off the owner’s property and strictly confined when on the owner’s property. If an owner is unwilling or unable to meet these requirements, euthanasia should be imposed.
(i) Licensing
Municipalities may wish to implement a dangerous dog licence that the owner of such a dog must purchase for a significantly higher fee than a regular dog licence. Such a licence would also have rigid requirements for housing and care of the dog as stated in this section.
(ii) Confinement
Dangerous dogs should be kept indoors or in a secured yard that prevents the dog from escaping over or under the fence or by any other means, and that prevents access by the public. They should not be confined only by a chain or tether.
(iii) Other Requirements
Warning signs should be clearly and visibly posted on the property where a dangerous dog is kept. Municipalities may also require that owners of dangerous dogs carry additional liability insurance that would cover any damage or harm caused by the dog.
(iv) Violations
Dog owners whose animals violate the requirements of the dangerous dog bylaw should receive harsh fines due to the threat of public safety. Fines should be increased for repeat offences. Euthanasia may be imposed, based on the severity and frequency of the infractions.
(v) Dog Fighting
Under no circumstances can dog fighting or the training or keeping of dogs for fighting be permitted. This is an inhumane and illegal activity.
Part 3: Unsanitary conditions
For the sake of public health, comfort or enjoyment of any people, and for the animals’ well-being, no animal should be kept in unsanitary conditions. This would include an accumulation of faeces, an odour, insect or rodent infestation.
Part 4: Other animals as pets
Some people select other animals as pets. These animals have specific needs (behavioural, environmental, social and nutritional) that must be met. Responsible pet ownership practices are no less important.
All the following criteria should be taken into account when considering other animals as pets:
- Species ownership is supported by the existence of published information pertinent to its proper animal husbandry and veterinary care requirements
- Species ownership does not pose a significant threat to public health and safety
- The species in question does not represent a significant threat to native (indigenous) wildlife populations
- Species ownership is permitted under provincial, federal or international laws and regulations, such as the following:
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Canada is a signatory party.
Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (WAPPRIITA). Federal statute administered by Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service)
At the provincial level, pertinent regulations usually fall under the Ministry of Agriculture and/or Ministry of Natural Resources (Fish and Game Department)
NOTE: Information on all these regulations can be obtained from the local provincial conservation officer or game warden.
Part 5: Penalties
Municipalities may encounter problems with repeat offenders, where the fine is not sufficient to prevent the problem from recurring. Attempts should be made to educate the individual regarding the reasons for the bylaw and encouraging them to comply. In cases where this is ineffective, it is recommended that fines be levied on a graduated scale based on repeat offences.
Higher fines should also be imposed for violations involving cats or dogs that are not spayed or neutered. This surcharge could be reimbursed if the animal is spayed or neutered within a two month period following the violation (or once the animal is six months old).
Part 6: Kennels, pet stores and animal shelters
Municipalities are encouraged to implement specific requirements for the care and housing of animals in establishments such as kennels, catteries, pet stores, animal shelters, and other animal establishments. Conditions in such establishments should at least meet the requirements in Section II D (ii) and Section III in this document. For more information, contact the appropriate member of the Coalition. Municipalities may have zoning bylaws regulating where such establishments may be located.
Part 7: Traps
Municipalities are encouraged to prohibit the use of leghold traps, killing traps and snares in suburban areas.
This document reflects expertise from the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, the Canadian Kennel Club and the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council of Canada. They are members of the National Companion Animal Coalition (NCAC), which was created in 1996 to promote responsible pet ownership and enhance the health and well being of companion animals.
Introduction
The issue of exotic animals in captivity has been the subject of strong debate for a long time. This issue is now being debated at the municipal and provincial levels across the country. Such an issue contributed to the creation of PIJAC Canada in 1988, when a group of pet industry players joined together to address concerns over exotic animals in the Toronto area. Their work would lead to the first prohibitive species list ever produced by PIJAC Canada. Since 1988, this list has gone through numerous modifications that reflect the changes experienced in areas such as animal husbandry, captive breeding techniques, public awareness and consumer demand.
No other association in Canada possesses within its ranks the information, experience and knowledge of exotic pets like PIJAC Canada.
For further information on PIJAC Canada and its Exotic Animal Policy, please do not hesitate to contact Ms. Christine Carrière, PIJAC’s President and CEO, at (800) 667-7452 x 112.
Criteria used to establish the list
Sale of native wildlife
PIJAC Canada shares the concern for the potential threat to indigenous wildlife. PIJAC Canada does not support the sale of indigenous wildlife as pets in Canada. A basic understanding of what constitutes a « pet » is sufficient explanation for that stance.
Danger to the public
The «danger to the public» criteria is best addressed through the use of a prohibited species list. We feel the prohibited species list submitted by PIJAC Canada takes into account all the concerns found under this criteria.
Captive Bred
Our organization encourages and promotes the sale of captive bred animals. It is common knowledge that through this approach, pet retailers are able to provide their customers with animals that are healthier, easier to handle and a lot friendlier towards their prospective owners. This helps maximize the chances of a successful pet-pet owner relationship. This benefits everybody: the animal, the pet owner and the retailer.
Although every one realizes the benefits of captive bred versus wild caught, we must not forget that captive breeding techniques have to be developed and refined. To accomplish this task, wild specimens had, and in some cases still have, to be part of the equation. Today, pet retailers enjoy an increasing variety of captive bred animals to offer to their clients. Pet birds and small mammals available to pet retailers mostly come from captive breeding facilities and this number is increasing every year.
International conventions such as CITES, and closer to home, federal regulations such as WAPPRIITA, recognize the importance of well established, well structured captive breeding programs. Breakthroughs in captive breeding programs often appear through small, devoted hobbyists. Requiring that all animals sold be of captive breeding origin would most certainly hinder the development of captive breeding techniques not yet available for certain species. One can assume that putting in the requirement that only captive bred animals be offered for sale would go against the present trend, encourage black market operations, etc…
Non-threatening to wildlife populations in native habitats
PIJAC Canada has to be concerned with the effects of the possible introduction of exotic species on native wildlife populations. These concerns are best addressed through an exercise which includes a list of prohibited species and the implementation of an educational structure that covers the source and the end user.
Acceptance of what is being traded
Most species available through pet retailers enjoy proven track records as pets. As mentioned previously, more and more of these species are becoming available through the efforts of established captive breeding facilities. Continuing support through information handouts will help to maintain the status of these animals as established «pets».
Veterinary care
Exotic animal medicine is enjoying steady growth as an increasing number of pet owners come to realize the appeal of less conventional pets. With this increased interest comes increasing demand for related services such as veterinary care. Experience has demonstrated that if the demand is created, veterinarians will recognize this opportunity for new business and meet the demand.
Knowledge of pet store owners, transfer of knowledge to buyer, appropriate facilities, national guidelines.
Educating pet industry members remains a top priority for PIJAC Canada. Numerous pet retailers have come to realize that the survival of their businesses rests on their ability to offer their customers high standards of quality and professionalism in areas like animal husbandry and customer satisfaction. PIJAC Canada supports their efforts by providing resource manuals and information on different species which they can in turn pass on to their clientele.
Since September of 1996, PIJAC Canada, with the help of PIJAC USA and the Canadian Wildlife Service, has been offering pet store owners and their employees a Canadian version of the Certified Companion Animal Specialist Certification Program. Unique in Canada, this program is attracting the attention of law enforcement officers from various provincial and federal wildlife agencies.
Compliance with existing regulations, CITES, WAPPRIITA, Agriculture Canada
PIJAC Canada enjoys a proactive working relationship with all the federal agencies responsible for the administration of the above mentioned laws, regulations and international agreements. PIJAC Canada is a strong supporter of actions that favour cooperation rather than confrontation.
A prohibited versus a permitted species list?
The following parameters should be considered when asking this question.
- a) List of criteria that would have to be respected.
b) Difficulty in application
c) Restriction on trade
List of criteria
Comments as to a proposed list of criteria are covered in the previous section. These criteria represent those most frequently brought up when dealing with the issue of exotic animals in captivity.
Difficulty in application
If it is assumed that there is agreement on the list of criteria (as previously enumerated) that need to be met, it is safe to say that the number of proposed pet species not meeting the list of criteria is by far much smaller than the list of those that do. If one were to succeed in compiling a list of all permitted species, i.e. those that meet the criteria and are available to the pet trade, it would be a very long list.
It is our opinion that such a list would prove to be an administrative nightmare for those mandated to administer and enforce it. For these individuals to be well versed on each species would be impossible. Another important factor to consider is that, although a large part of the list would be comprised of «established» species, some would vary constantly as a result of changes in consumer demand, market trends, availability of new species, etc..
Updating this list would prove to be a logistical nightmare. A good example is the list used in Newfoundland where only a small number of permitted finch species are listed, when in reality the number of finch species available to the pet trade is much higher.
Modifications to the list would be lengthy, often outdated by the time they would finally be put in place. This situation creates frustration for retailers who see their clientele going to a neighbouring province to legally acquire the species they want (ex.: Ontario- Québec-hedgehogs) and can lead to trends and tendencies which favour black market operations.
Prohibited species lists are much shorter, easier to maintain and to administer. References to the list can be accessed more quickly and can be controlled by more people. The size of the list by itself makes it easier to be cross referenced by common and scientific name.
Restriction on trade
As mentioned previously, opting for a permitted species list makes the introduction of new permitted species difficult to the local pet trade. One has only to mention the domestic ferret (not found in the Newfoundland list), the African pigmy hedgehog and the degu as examples. All three meet the list of criteria (captive bred, easily kept in captivity, etc…). These species, although relatively new to our pet markets, have been available to the pet trade for years.
Omitting to list «permitted» species would put unfair and unjust trade restrictions on pet wholesalers and retailers. This action would be in direct contradiction to the acceptance of the “what is already being traded” criteria. Such situations would not occur with the use of a prohibited species list.
PIJAC Canada’s exotic animal policy suggested list of prohibited species
All artiodactylous ungulates, except domestic goats, sheep, pigs and cattle all canidae, except the domestic dog
All crocodilians (such as alligators and crocodiles)
All edentates (such as anteaters, sloths and armadillos)
All elephantidae (elephants)
All erinacidae (except the african pigmy hedgehog)
All felidae, except the domestic cat
All hyaenidae (hyenas)
All marsupials (except sugar gliders)
All mustelidae (such as skunks, otters and weasels) except the domestic ferret all non-human primates (such as gorillas and monkeys)
All pinnipeds (such as seals, fur seals and walruses)
All perissodactylous ungulates, except the domestic horse and ass
All procyonidae (such as raccoons, coatis and cacomistles)
All pteropodidae (bats)
All raptors, diurnal and nocturnal (such as eagles, hawks and owls)
All ratites (such as ostriches, rheas and cassowaries)
All ursidae (bears)
All venomous reptiles
All viverridae (such as mongooses, civets and genets)
Examples of animals of a particular prohibited group are given in parentheses. They are examples only and shall not be construed as limiting the generality of the group.
This list is subject to review according to the accepted criteria.
PIJAC Canada’s Three meter /two meter rule
When looking at reptiles, PIJAC Canada recommends the three meter/ two meter rule, defined as follows: “An adult snake’s length cannot exceed three meters and an adult lizard’s length cannot exceed two meters (snout to the tip of the tail).”
PIJAC Canada favours this rule because it is easy to apply. You only require a measuring tape to be able to enforce it. As previously stated, PIJAC Canada favours a prohibited species list instead of a permitted one. However, regardless of the approach used, the more species that are added to a list, the greater the training required by the officers to properly identify them.
Based on past experience, relying on identification can be problematic. With age, the species colour patterns may change. There are also a growing number of colours available to herpetoculturists (albinos, hypomenalistic, granite, calico, etc.). Some of the species are crossbred or inbred, resulting in new sub-species. The three-meter rule takes into account all of these situations.
As a complement to this approach, PIJAC Canada identifies six different species and one sub-specie of snakes that should be prohibited as pets. All of them exceed three meters and are recognized for their nasty disposition. They are all members of the Family Boidae, and we recommend their inclusion on a prohibited species list, under a statement such as: « These six species and this one sub-specie, members of the Boidae Family »
Species
Eunectes murinus
Eunectes notaeus
Python reticulatus
Python sebae
Python molurusbivittatus
Python molurusmolurus
Morelia amethystina
English common Name
Green anaconda
Yellow anaconda
Reticulated python
African rock python
Burmese python
Indian python
Amethyst python
*Length
>3m
>3m
>3m
>3m
>3m
>3m
>3m
*Length suggested in literature. Snakes grow during their entire life and the total length they may reach is greatly influenced by the captive conditions in which they are kept.
As mentioned previously, they are all covered in the three-meter/ two-meter rule. As for the two-meter rule in lizards, it basically eliminates all unsuitable specimens, as well as those that are of real threat to pet owners.
